Effect of Diazinon on pituitary-gonadal axis and histological alteration of seminiferous tubules in adult rat testis

Background and Objective: Diazinon is an organophosphate insecticide., which inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Diazinon on pituitary-gonadal axis and histological alteration of seminferous tubules in adult rat testis

Methods: In this experimental study, 40 adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups including control, sham and experimental 1, 2 and 3. Animals in experimental group 1, 2 and 3 were received 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg/bw of diazinon for 28 days, orally, respectively. Animals in control group did not receive any substance. Animals in sham group were received an equivalent amount of normal saline. The animals were euthanized after 28 days and a blood sample was collected via heart puncture and testes were removed for histological studies

Results: Diazinon significantly reduced serum testosterone concentration, sertoli cell, leydig cell count, primary spermatocyte and spermatid [P<0.05]. Diazinon had no significant effect on the body and testis weight in the experimental groups compared to controls

Conclusion: Diazinon reduces the concentration of testosterone and cells in seminferous tubule in adult rat

[Histomorphological study on silver carp ovary in two age groups]

Background: Maturity of silver carp [Hypophthalmichthys molitrix] ovary takes place at 2-8 years old and it is depends on photoperiod and environmental water temperature

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify macroscopical and microscopical structure of silver carp ovary in two categories of body weight, total body length and at 2 and 4 years old in Khuzestan province climatic conditions

Methods: 20 silver carp ovaries were studied in two groups: Group 1[G1]: 10 fish with total body length 46 +/- 1.33 Cm and weight 1050 +/- 0.09 grand approximately 2 years old. Group 2[G1]: 10 fish with total body length 86 +/- 3.64 Cm and weight 5460 +/- 800 gr and approximately 4 years old. For the histometrical studies, 5-6 micro sections were made by routine paraffin embedding method and stained by H and E and PAS

Results: Microscopic results showed that ovaries of G1 covered by a thin loose connective capsule which numerous of egg-bearingtrabecula extended from capsule into ovaries. These trabecula contained primary germ cells, oogonium, chromatin nocleolus, perinocleolus and cortical alveolus follicles. Ovaries of G1 do not have yolk and mature follicles. But in ovaries of G2, growth and mature follicles were observed and mature follicles were most follicles. Histometrical results showed that there are not a significant differences in diameter of follicles, oocytes and oocytes nucleolus in G1 and 2. The maximum and minimum diameter of follicles were seen in mature and chromatin nucleolus follicles respectively. The Zona plucida thickness was increased from corticalalveolus [1.53 +/- 1.11 mm] to mature follicles [6.88 +/- 0.21 mm] significantly [p<0.05]

Conclusions: The most interesting finding of this study is that in Khuzestan Province climate, the ovary of silver carp fish in G1, with average weight 1050 +/- 0.09 gr and total length 46 +/- 1.33 Cm and approximately of 2 years old is immature but ovary of G2 with average weight of 5460 +/- 800 gr and total length 86 +/- 3.64 Cm and approximately 4 years old is mature

Effect of thyme, garlic and caraway herbal extracts on blood parameters, productivity, egg quality, hatchability and intestinal bacterial population of laying Japanese quail

BACKGROUND: In the current Iranian poultry industry, antibiotics are the most frequently used additive in poultry feeds to increase productivity. The negative effects on human health, resulting from the consumption of chicken whose feeds contain antibiotics, makes finding an appropriate alternative of great importance. As a result of their nature, herbal extracts could be specifically considered for this purpose.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to find an appropriate and harmless feed additive to increase the quality and quantity of poultry eggs.

METHODS: A completely randomized design including 4 treatments, 4 replications and 4 birds in each experimental unit was applied. Herbal extracts were added to drinking water of treatments in ratio of 1:1000, with the control group containing no additives in their water. The number and weight of produced eggs were measured on a daily basis, feed consumption on weekly basis and the egg quality, yolk cholesterol, hatchability and intestinal bacterial population were measured at the end of experiment after 8 weeks.

RESULTS: Herbal extract treatments showed no overall effect on quality and quantity of produced eggs in comparison with control; however, the thyme and garlic extracts reduced the cholesterol of serum and yolk relative to the control. Herbal extracts did not significantly affect the hatchability of fertile eggs. The herbal extracts caused a significant decrease in the intestinal bacterial population of laying quails.

CONCLUSIONS: The garlic extract had the most decreasing effect on the cholesterol of serum and egg yolk. Furthermore, thyme extract had the most decreasing effect on the intestinal bacterial population.

[Attitude of parents towards children's mental disorder]

Introduction: the attitude of parents is an important factor for the prevention, control and treatment of psychological disorders. Despite Western countries, in developing countries, few studies have been done on people knowledge and attitude about mental disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the attitude of parents towards children mental disorder

Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study conducted in child psychiatry clinics of Tehran University of Medical Sciences during 2013. The parents of children [n=400] who referred to the psychiatric clinics were recruited for the study by the convenience sampling method. Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics

Results: Among the total study sample, 93.7% of parents had a totally appropriate attitude towards children's mental disorder. The results of ANOVA showed that the attitude of parents toward mental disorder had a statistically significant relationship with parent education level [P<0.001] and their familial status [P<0.006]

Conclusion: This study showed that the parents of children referred to the psychiatric clinic have a totally appropriate attitude towards the mental disorder of their children. Logically, having totally appropriate attitude can empower family members to overcome different challenges with the child mental disorder. Such attitude can facilitate the process of disorder management from the step of early diagnosis of any psychological disorder to the treatment adherence

[Toxic epidermal necrosis syndrome after taking Phenytoin; a case report]

Introduction: the toxic epidermal necrosis syndrome is defined as severe skin and mucosal reactions which usually appears by some drugs such as phenytoin. Case Presentation: a 35-year-old man who consumed phenytoin hospitalized due to diffuse mucocutaneous lesions and bullous lesions. After diagnosing its etiology, therapeutic actions were done similar to severe burns which led to improvement of wounds and discharging from the hospital.

Conclusion: finding the etiology of every disease is crucial step in its treatment. When the disease is caused by drug, it is necessary to discontinue immediately consumption of this and start treatment.

[Effects of electron beam irradiation and organic acid on production performance and immune responses in broiler chickens]

Electron beam irradiation and using of organic acids cause reducing or eliminating the microbial load of poultry diets. This study was conducted to compare the effect of electron beam irradiation and organic acids on diet microbial load, immune system, serum lipids, intestinal morphology, organs relative weight and growth characters of broilers. 300 day-old male broilers [Cobb 500] were randomly divided into 5 experimental groups, so that each group included 4 replicates with 15 birds per pen. Treatments were basal diet as control, irradiate diet by 3, 5 and 7 kGy doses and diet containing Formycin 0.2%. The highest and lowest of daily weight gain average were observed in finisher and total period by 7 kGy and control groups, respectively [p<0.05]. Moreover, a significant reduction were observed in microbial load of diets among treatments [p<0.05]. Highest [5.66] and lowest [4.17] antibody titer against SRBC were observed in Formycin and control groups, respectively [p<0.05] after 2[nd] injection. Highest and lowest percentage of breast weight and abdominal fat were observed in 7 kGy and control groups, respectively [p<0.05]. Greatest villus height [1089 micro m] and villus height to crypt depth ratio [5.84] in jejunum were obtained in 7 kGy group [p<0.05]. Experimental dietary irradiation improves broiler performance, that its trend is more evident with increasing exposure dose

Removal of methylene blue dye from textile simulated sample using tubular reactor and TiO[2]/UV-C photocatalytic process

In this study, photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue was examined using different concentrations of TiO[2] nano-particles [diameters less than 21 nm] and ultraviolet [UV-C] radiation in a tubular reactor. Different concentrations of catalyst [0.3-1.2 g/L], different pH conditions [3, 7 and 9] and dye concentration [15, 30 and 60 mg/L] as well as sample rotation level [125 mL/min] were studied. The sample passed 1-7 times through the quartz reactor exposed to UV-C ray [constant intensity = 2.8 mW/cm[2]] [every rotation time was 8 min]. Results of this research showed clearly that methylene blue is significantly degradable by TiO[2] and UV-C radiation. Increasing dye concentration resulted in decreased efficiency and thus, as more samples passed through quarts tube, removal efficiency increased. Methylene blue with concentration of 15 mg/L and after 7 rotations in the reactor [56 min] was removed with the efficiency of 98%. Subsequent to dye removal, 47% of initial COD decreased simultaneously

Removal of divalent nickel from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto modified holly sawdust: equilibrium and kinetics

The removal of divalent nickel from aqueous solutions on modified holly sawdust was studied at varying contact times, pH, initial divalent nickel concentrations and adsorbent dose. Results showed the removal efficiency by increasing of pH increased and decreased with initial nickel divalent concentration. By increasing pH from 2 to 12 [equilibrium time= 240 min, adsorbent dose= 0.6g/100 mL, divalent nickel concentrations= 60 mg/L], the removal efficiency increased from 17.47% to 81.76%. Also removal efficiency was decreased from 98% to 19.3% by increasing of initial divalent nickel concentrations from 20 mg/l to 100 mg/L. Also the results showed the removal efficiency was increased by increasing of adsorbent dose and contact time. By increasing of adsorbent dose from 0.2 g/100CC to 1 g/100CC, the removal efficiency increased from 32.78% to 99.98%. The removal efficiency increased from 34.7% to 83.67% by increasing of contact time from 5 min to 240 min. Experimental equilibrium and kinetics data were fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetics models, respectively. The results show that the equilibrium data follow Langmuir isotherm and the kinetic data follow pseudo-second-order model. The obtained maximum adsorption capacity was 22.47 mg/g at a pH 7. The results show that the modified holly sawdust can be used for the treatment of aqueous solutions containing nickel as a low cost adsorbent

Adsorption of reactive red 198 dye on TiO[2] nano-particle from synthetic wastewater

Dyes are one of the most important existing pollutants in textile industrial wastewater. They are often toxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and non-biodegradable. Reactive red 198 dye is one of the azo dyes that is currently used in the textile industry. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating on reactive red 198 dye absorption process titanium dioxide nanoparticles from synthetic textile wastewater. This applicable research was performed in a batch reactor on synthetic wastewater with dye concentrations of 100, 150 and 200 mg/L and the effects of parameters such as concentrations of initial dye and TiO[2] nanoparticles, time, and pH[s] on dye absorption efficiency were investigated. The dye concentrations were measured via spectrophotometer [518 nm wavelength]. Results: The RR 198 absorption capacity rates were 92.5, 70, and 37.5 mg/g respectively at pH of 4, 7 and 10 for the initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L and 0.4 g/L absorbent mass at 180 minute. Also dye absorption rates were 51.8, 56.1, and 61.4 mg/g on absorbent respectively for 100, 150, and 200 mg/1 dye concentration, at pH of 4, 1 g/L absorbent mass, and 180 minutes time and the studied dye absorption isotherm was fitted Langmuir model [R[2]=0.98] which was 38.46mg/g for maximum adsorption. The results of absorption studies showed that reactive red 198 absorption/removal rates would increase with increasing the primary dye concentration, reaction time, absorbent mass, and decreasing pH. On the basis of the results, titanium dioxide nanoparticles can absorb reactive red 198 dye appropriately and efficiency of the process is higher in acidic pH. Regarding to TiO[2] application as a photocatalyst in environmental pollutant removal, more pollutant absorption on nanoparticles in acidic condition increases photocatalyst process efficiency

effects of comparison of herbal extracts, antibiotic, probiotic and organic acid on serum lipids, immune response, GIT microbial population, intestinal morphology and performance of broilers

With the removal of antibiotic as growth promoters from poultry diets, it is of interest to investigate potential alternatives to maintain good growth performance and good intestinal microbial populations in these birds. Numerous additives such as Probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, enzymes and herbal extracts used extensively in poultry feed. The study was conducted to investigate the effects of herbal extracts, probiotic, organic acid and antibiotic on serum lipids, immune response, intestinal morphology, microbial population and performance of broilers. A total of 300 day - old male broilers [Cobb 500] were randomly divided into four treatments, five replicates with 15 birds in each. Treatments included: control, herbal extracts [Sangrovit [R]], probiotic [Primalac[R]], organic acid [Termin-8[R]] and antibiotic [Virginiamycin]. The highest weight gain [WG] were achieved by virginiamycin [p<0.05]. Moreover, highest and lowest antibody titers against SRBC were observed in Primalac_ and virginiamycin treatments, respectively [p<0.05]. Lowest serum cholesterol and triglyceride were obtained by Primalac[R] and Sangrovit_ [p<0.05]. The lowest and highest coliform bacteria counts in ileum were seen in virginiamycin and control groups, respectively [p<0.05]. It has been concluded that Sangrovit[R], Primalac[R] and Termin-8[R] reduced pathogenic bacteria in digestive tract of broilers, which can help to improve intestinal health of these animals. Thus, these can be used as antibiotic alternatives in broilers feed

comparison between tubular and batch reactors in removal of methylene blue dye from simulated textile wastewater using TiO[2]/UV-C photocatalytic process

Dyes are structurally complex materials which enter the environment due to various textile industry processes like dyeing and cloth completion processes. Methylene blue is one of the cationic dyes which is now used in textile industry. Textile industrial wastewaters are one of the important sources of environmental contaminants. The aim of this research is photo catalytic degradation of methylene blue dye with the TiO[2] Nan particle with UV-C irradiation using batch and tubular reactor. In this research, photo catalytic degradation of methylene blue dye was studied using different concentration of TiO[2] Nan particles [with lower than 21 nm of size] under UV irradiation in a batch and tubular reactor. The variables were: concentrations of color, titanium dioxide nana-particles and air Bubbling. The results of this research show that removal of methylene blue dye has direct correlation with the time of UV irradiation. All tests were performed in neutral pH [pH:7]. The best efficiency results for dye removal and COD in the batch reactor were 100 and 42.2% respectively. However the best color removal efficiency and COD results in tubular reactor were 93 and 47.8% for titanium dioxide nana particle concentration of 1.2 gr/1[-1] during 60 minutes. Furthermore as color concentrations increased, color removal rate decreased. Finally, it was concluded that model of batch reactor is the best efficiency that may be selected with regard to the characteristic of textile wastewater, desired treatment efficiency and the discharge standards

[Comparison of diffrent coagulants efficiency for treatment of Hamedan landfills leachate site]

In Iran, indicated that the municipal landfill leachate has been one of the major problem for environment. In the operations, leachate treatment is a very difficult and expensive process. Although, young leachate can be treated easily by biological treatment, COD removal efficiency are usually low due to high ammonium ion content and the presence of toxic compounds such as metal ions. Treatment of leachate is necessary.The aim of this study is reduction of Chemical Oxygen Demond [COD] and Total Suspended Solids [TSS] from hamedan city sanitary landfill leachate by three coagulants: alum, PAC and ferrous sulfate. This experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of treatment of landfill leachate by a coagulation-flocculation process. The effects of different amounts of coagulant and different pH values on the coagulation processes were compared. result of this survey show that the high efficiency for COD removal by PAC in pH=12 and 2500[mg/l] concentration of PAC was 62.66%, by alum in pH=12 and 1000 [mg/l] concentration of alum was 60%, by ferrous sulfate in pH=2 and 1000 [mg/l] concentration of ferrous sulfate was 70.62%. Also result shown the high efficiency for TSS removal by PAC in pH=12 and 2500[mg/l] concentration of PAC was 58.37%, with alum in pH=2 and 1500 [mg/l] concentration of alum was39.14%, by ferrous sulfate in pH=7 and 2500[mg/l] concentration of ferrous sulfate was 35.58%. The best coagulant for COD removal is ferrous sulfate.The physico-chemical process may be used as a useful pretreatment step, especially for fresh leachates, prior to post-treatment [polishing] step for partially stabilized leachates

Hamadan landfill leachate treatment by coagulation-flocculation process

In most countries, sanitary landfilling is the common way to dispose municipal solid wastes. In the operations, leachate treatment is a difficult and expensive process. Although, leachate can be treated by biological processes, COD removal efficiency is usually low due to high ammonium ion content and the presence of toxic compounds such as metal ions. This experimental study was conducted to investigate the effect of coagulation-flocculation process on the Hamadan landfill leachate treatment in the city of Hamedan. Also the effects of different coagulants with various dosages and pH values in the removal of chemical oxygen demand [COD] and total suspended solids were studied. Results showed that the efficiency for COD removal by Poly Aluminum Chloride at pH=12 and 2500 mg/L of coagulant, by alum at pH=12 and 1000 mg/L of coagulant dose and by ferrous sulfate at pH=12 and 1500 mg/L of ferrous sulfate dose were 60%, 62.33% and 70.66%, respectively. Also results showed that, the efficiency for Total Suspended Solids removal by Poly Aluminum Chloride that was obtained at pH=12 and 2500mg/L concentration of Poly Aluminum Chloride, by alum at pH=2 and 1500 mg/L concentration of alum and by ferrous sulfate at pH=7 and 2500mg/L of ferrous sulfate, were 39.14%, 58.37% and 35.58%, respectively. Based on results of this study, the best coagulant for COD removal was ferrous sulfate and the physico-chemical process may be used as an effective pretreatment process, especially for young leachate, prior to post-treatment [polishing] for partially stabilized leachate

[QT-Dispersion as a potential marker in prognosis of acute myocardial infarction]

QT dispersion in a 12 lead ECG represents the heterogeneity of ventricular repolarization. The prolongation of QT-interval dispersion increases the risk of coronary heart disease, ventricular arrhythmia, and sudden cardiac death in patients with myocardial infarction. We aimed to investigate the prognostic value of QT-dispersion in patients with acute myocardial infarction. A total number of 79 patients with acute myocardial infarction and 21 healthy controls were recruited. The QT-dispersion was estimated using a 12-lead surface electrocardiogram, 24 hours and 4-6 days after myocardial infarction. In patient group, the average QT-dispersion was 92.8 +/- 42.2 ms and 80.3 +/- 33.4 ms after 24 hours and four days respectively; whereas in control group it was 47.1 +/- 16.8 ms [p<0.001]. The relative frequency of arrhythmia in patients was 24%. Our study showed that the overage of QT-dispersion of arrhythmiain patients was significantly different and higher [p<0.05] compared to patients without arrhythmia. We showed that increased QT-dispersion is a potential marker in prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction

[ comparative histologic study on furcal perforation repair with Root MTA and Pro Root MTA in fully develeped teeth in dog]

The goal of endodontics is to seal the root canal system from the orifice to apical constriction completely and tridimensionally.Hence perforations during root canal therapy, because of caries or resorptions must be sealed and obturated with ideal materials. The aim of this study was to histologically compare two kinds of mineral trioxide aggregate Root MTA and Pro Root MTA for furcal perforation repair in developed teeth in dog. In this experimental study, thirty teeth consisting of second, third and fourth mandibular premolars of five German shepherd dogs were selected. Twenty-four teeth were randomly divided into four experimental groups [6 teeth each]. One pair of Root MTA and Pro Root MTA groups studied in one month and the other in three months intervals. Positive and negative control groups was each contained three teeth. In positive control group, perforations were not treated and negative control group contained intact teeth. In experimental groups perforations repaired after one week exposure to oral cavity with Root MTA or Pro Root MTA. After time intervals animals were subjected to vital perfusion and m histologic sections were prepared. Inflammation and hard tissue formation 6 were ranked by Cox criteria. Data were analysed using Mann-Whitney and Chi-Square statistical tests with P<0.05 as the limit of significance. There was statistically significant lower inflammation and higher hard tissue formation in three months Root MTA and Pro Root MTA groups compared to one month interval [P<0.05]. There was no statistically significant difference in inflammation and hard tissue formation between Root MTA and Pro Root MTA in each intervals [P>0.05]. Mineral Trioxide Aggregate is an adequate material for furcal perforation repair in dog's teeth. Root MTA could be a good substitute for Pro Root MTA considering the lower cost and similar characteristics